Fenómenos embólicos y ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT) durante cirugía de artroplastía de cadera (AC) / Embolic phenomena in hip Arthroplasty with intraoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)

Embolic event's exist during hip arthroplasty surgery and specially those who had been caused by hip fracture. Complications depends mainly on the preoperative clinical conditions, and may even be subclinical if the patient was previously healthy. Thus, thanks to the technology progress, especially transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), it has been possible to identify these embolic phenomena at an early stage, allowing to be anticipated and treated an eventual cardiorespiratory compromise. A report was made of 2 patients with hip fracture, who underwent hip arthroplasty surgery (HA), in which through transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), it was possible to visualize embolic events, mainly during the acetabular reaming and the press-fit impact of the Cup. One patient presented hemodynamic impact that was early treated. This emphasizes how critical that period of the surgery is, and that when the anesthesiologist must be especially vigilant. There could be different causes: the energy made by the surgeons to make the acetabular reaming or to insert the cup; or even the destruction of the surrounding tissue during the fracture moment. So, in that way blood thrombus, air, fat or bone can get into the blood vessels and produce eventual complications. Therefore, special attention is required to the hemodynamic changes that may occur in these stages of surgery. Particularly, in these cases, in whom the patient's receive regional anesthesia and were positioned on lateral decubitus, it has to monitored by TTE and not by TEE, which gave more limitations at the moment to get the different echocardiograph Windows, thus it was chosen to use the subxiphoid window to see the inferior vena cava. In both cases, it was visualized embolic's events. But as it's said before, only one presented hemodynamic compromised. Also stands out, the relevance that there is more access to TTE in most of the operating centers of the country, unlike the TEE, which the transducer use for it, is more difficult for the anesthesiologist to get access to it and also requires more training.

Durante las cirugías de prótesis de cadera y especialmente aquellas por fractura de cadera pueden presentar eventos embólicos. Las complicaciones dependen principalmente de la condición clínica preoperatoria, pudiendo incluso ser subclínico si el paciente es sano. Así, gracias al progreso de la tecnología, particularmente la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) y transtoraxica (ETT), se ha logrado identificar precozmente dichos fenómenos embólicos, permitiendo anticipar y tratar oportunamente una eventual descompensación cardiorrespiratoria. Se realizó un reporte de 2 pacientes con fractura de cadera, que se sometieron a una cirugía de artroplastía de cadera (AC), en los cuales mediante la vigilancia de ETT, se logró visualizar estos eventos, principalmente durante la fenestración e impactación del cotilo en el acetábulo, presentando uno de estos pacientes un impacto hemodinámico que se trató precozmente. Las causas de las embolías pueden ser variadas, como la presión ejercida por el cirujano para fenestrar e introducir la prótesis o la destrucción del tejido circundante a la lesión durante el momento de la fractura, entre otros. Así, se pueden producir embolias de trombos, grasa, hueso o incluso aire que pueda entrar al torrente sanguíneo y producir eventualmente complicaciones. Con estos hallazgos, ecográficos y en algunas oportunidades clínicos, se podría demostrar lo crítico que es aquel período de la cirugía, en donde se requiere especial atención a los cambios hemodinámicos que se puedan producir, y en el que el anestesiólogo debe estar especialmente vigilante. Particularmente, en estos casos, en que las pacientes recibieron anestesia regional y se intervino en posición de decúbito lateral, se tuvo que realizar monitoreo mediante ETT y no ETE, lo cual entrego más limitantes a la hora de conseguir buena calidad de ventanas cardiacas y por lo tanto, después de visualizar las distintas ventanas se optó por utilizar la ventana subxifoidea para visualizar la vena Cava inferior y así observar los distintos eventos embólicos circulantes. En ambas pacientes se pudieron apreciar eventos embólicos, pero en sólo una paciente tuvo compromiso cardiorrespiratorio con hipotensión, aumento de la frecuencia cardiaca y desaturación. Junto con la demostración de la posibilidad de visualización de embolías con ETT, se destaca la relevancia de que existe mayor acceso a este tipo de ecografía en gran parte de los pabellones de nuestro país, a diferencia de la ETE, en la que la sonda utilizada es de más difícil acceso por parte de los anestesistas y requiere un mayor entrenamiento.

Endocarditis marántica con embolia sistémica como manifestación de adenocarcinoma papilar de pulmón / Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis with systemic embolism as a manifestation of papillary lung adenocarcinoma

Resumen: Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 61 años, portador de un cáncer pulmonar en quien lesiones de aspecto embólico llevan al diagnóstico de Endocarditis marántica (no infecciosa). Se describen las características clínicas del paciente, los métodos diagnósticos incluyendo imágenes ecocardiográficas y la confirmación necrópsica.

Abstracts: A 61-year-old male with skin lesions suggesting embolic phenomena, was thoroughly investigated and a final diagnosis of marantic (non-infectious) endocarditis was established. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic investigation through laboratory test and images sustained the diagnosis. The use of transesophageal echocardiography is emphasized. This was finally confirmed by findings at necropsy.

Embolismo arterial agudo como forma de presentación clínica inicial de una hidatidosis diseminada: reporte de un caso / Acute arterial embolism as the clinical presentation of a disseminated hydatidosis: case report

La hidatidosis es una zoonosis producida por el parásito Echinococcus granulosus. En el ciclo zoonótico del parásito, el hombre es un huésped intermediario y sufre la enfermedad tras la ingesta de alimentos y agua contaminados por la materia fecal de animales infectados. En Argentina, la enfermedad constituye un problema importante de salud pública. Suele manifestarse con compromiso hepático y pulmonar. La afectación de otros órganos, que incluyen el corazón, es infrecuente.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic infection caused by the Echinococcus granulosus larvae, transmitted by the ingestion of infected food, characterized by the formation of cysts in vital organs. In Argentina, the disease is spread throughout the territory, constituting an important public health issue. The disease usually affects the liver and lungs. The affection of other organs is rare, and even more uncommon the affection of the heart. We present the case of a disseminated hydatidosis in a pediatric patient, whose initial clinical manifestation was an acute arterial embolism of the right limb caused by the rupture of a hydatidic cardiac cyst.

Orejuela izquierda en la enfermedad reumática mitral: principal fuente embolígena en la fibrilación auricular / Left atrial appendage in rheumatic mitral valve disease: The main source of embolism in atrial fibrillation

Resumen: Objetivo: Demostrar que la resección quirúrgica de la orejuela izquierda en los pacientes con enfermedad reumática mitral y fibrilación auricular persistente de larga evolución disminuye la posibilidad de embolia cerebral. Asimismo, esto también elimina la necesidad de anticoagulación oral a largo plazo. Método: Se estudiaron en forma observacional y prospectiva 27 pacientes adultos con enfermedad reumática mitral y fibrilación auricular persistente de larga evolución, sometidos a cirugía valvular mitral y resección quirúrgica de la orejuela izquierda. La anticoagulación oral con warfarina fue suspendida después del tercer mes postoperatorio, recibiendo solamente aspirina a largo plazo. El punto final fue la ausencia de embolia cerebral. Secundariamente, se evaluó la formación de trombos en la aurícula izquierda por ecocardiografía transtorácica postoperatoria. Resultados: Después del tercer mes, ningún paciente presentó embolia cerebral. Un paciente exhibió isquemia cerebral transitoria dentro de los primeros 3 meses en tratamiento con warfarina. Secundariamente, en la cirugía se encontró trombo en aurícula izquierda en 11 casos (40.7%). De estos 11, 6 (54.5%) habían tenido embolia cerebral previamente, sin encontrar significación estadística (p = 0.703). Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra que pudiera haber indicios de que la orejuela izquierda pueda ser la principal fuente embolígena en la enfermedad reumática mitral, y que su resección pueda eliminar el riesgo de embolia cerebral en pacientes con enfermedad reumática mitral y fibrilación auricular persistente de larga evolución.

Abstract: Objective: To demonstrate that surgical removal of the left atrial appendage in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and long standing persistent atrial fibrillation decreases the possibility of stroke. This also removes the need for long-term oral anticoagulation after surgery. Method: A descriptive, prospective, observational study was conducted on 27 adult patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and long standing persistent atrial fibrillation, who had undergone mitral valve surgery and surgical removal of the left atrial appendage. Oral anti-coagulation was stopped in the third month after surgery. The end-point was the absence of embolic stroke. An assessment was also made of postoperative embolism formation in the left atrium using transthoracic echocardiography. Results: None of the patients showed embolic stroke after the third post-operative month. Only one patient exhibited transient ischaemic attack on warfarin therapy within the three postoperative months. Left atrial thrombi were also found in 11 (40.7%) cases during surgery. Of these, 6 (54.5%) had had embolic stroke, with no statistical significance (P = .703). Conclusions: This study suggests there might be signs that the left atrial appendage may be the main source of emboli in rheumatic mitral valve disease, and its resection could eliminate the risk of stroke in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.

Embolization by Bullet Dislodged from the Heart

Abstract Embolization by a dislodged projectile is a rare complication that may occur in cases of gunshot cardiac injuries. We report a case of a firearm projectile cardiac injury that evolved, with dislocation of the projectile during cardiac surgery, into embolization of the right external carotid artery.

Asymptomatic and symptomatic embolic events in infective endocarditis: associated factors and clinical impact

ABSTRACT Background: Embolic complications of infective endocarditis are common. The impact of asymptomatic embolism is uncertain. Objectives: To determine the frequency of emboli due to IE and to identify events associated with embolism. Methods: Retrospective analysis of an endocarditis database, prospectively implemented, with a post hoc study driven by analysis of data on embolic events. Data was obtained from the International Collaboration Endocarditis case report forms and additional information on embolic events and imaging reports were obtained from the medical records. Variables associated with embolism were analyzed by the statistical software R version 3.1.0. Results: In the study period, 2006-2011, 136 episodes of definite infective endocarditis were included. The most common complication was heart failure (55.1%), followed by embolism (50%). Among the 100 medical records analyzed for emboli in left-sided infective endocarditis, 36 (36%) were found to have had asymptomatic events, 11 (11%) to the central nervous system and 28 (28%) to the spleen. Cardiac surgery was performed in 98/136 (72%). In the multivariate analysis, splenomegaly was the only associated factor for embolism to any site (p < 0.01, OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.04-11). Factors associated with embolism to the spleen were positive blood cultures (p = 0.05, OR 8.9, 95% CI 1.45-177) and splenomegaly (p < 0.01, OR 9.28, 95% CI 3.32-29); those associated to the central nervous system were infective endocarditis of the mitral valve (p < 0.05, OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.23-10) and male gender (p < 0.05, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.04-10). Splenectomy and cardiac surgery did not impact on in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Asymptomatic embolism to the central nervous system and to the spleen were frequent. Splenomegaly was consistently associated with embolic events.

Comparison of Outcomes after Device Closure and Medication Alone in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Stroke in Korean Population

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of device closure and medical therapy in prevention of recurrent embolic event in the Korean population with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive 164 patients (men: 126 patients, mean age: 48.1 years, closure group: 72 patients, medical group: 92 patients) were enrolled. The primary end point was a composite of death, stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or peripheral embolism. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups, except age, which was higher in the medical group (45.3±9.8 vs. 50.2±6.1, p<0.0001), and risk of paradoxical embolism score, which was higher in the closure group (6.2±1.6 vs. 5.7±1.3, p=0.026). On echocardiography, large right-to-left shunt (81.9% vs. 63.0%, p=0.009) and shunt at rest/septal hypermobility (61.1% vs. 23.9%, p<0.0001) were more common in the closure group. The device was successfully implanted in 71 (98.6%) patients. The primary end point occurred in 2 patients (2 TIA, 2.8%) in the closure group and in 2 (1 death, 1 stroke, 2.2%) in the medical group. Event-free survival rate did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Compared to medical therapy, device closure of PFO in patients with cryptogenic stroke did not show difference in reduction of recurrent embolic events in the real world's setting. However, considering high risk of echocardiographic findings in the closure group, further investigation of the role of PFO closure in the Asian population is needed.

Percutaneous Retrieval of Embolized Amplatzer Septal Occluder after Treatment of Double Atrial Septal Defect: A Case Report

Embolization of the occlusion device after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is a potential disastrous complication. The usual site of embolization is the right side of the heart including pulmonary artery, but the device embolization to the extracardiac aorta is extremely rare. Here, we report a successful percutaneous retrieval case of the embolized Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) to the descending thoracic aorta after the successful deployment of two ASO devices in a patient with double ASD. Competition between the two devices to obtain a stable position may be an explanation for the migration of ASO.

A importância da ecocardiografia para a avaliação de fonte embólica / The importance of echocardiography for the evaluation of cardiac sources of embolism

A pesquisa de fontes embólicas cardíacas por ecocardiografia é frequentemente requisitada no contexto de acidentes vasculares cerebrais embólicos. Seus achados têm também interesse para determinar o risco embólico de outras doenças cardíacas, mesmo ainda sem um evento embólico estabelecido. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma revisão acerca do papel da ecocardiografia para as principais fontes embólicas cardíacas. Essas são divididas em fontes embólicas de alto risco (fibrilação atrial, infarto agudo do miocárdio e aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo, miocardiopatias, estenose mitral, endocardite, prótese valvar mecânica, tumores e ateromas da aorta proximal) e de baixo risco (prolapso da válvula mitral, estenose aórtica calcificada, excrescências gigantes de Lambl e embolia paradoxal – forame oval patente e aneurisma do septo atrial). Dada a grande interação entre as diversas doenças cardiovasculares com potencial embólico, é difícil obter dados acerca do risco embólico isolado de cada achado de imagem. Não obstante, para as fontes embólicas cardíacas de alto risco estão mais bem determinados os achados que predizem um maior risco embólico.

Mortality and Embolic Potential of Cardiac Tumors / Mortalidade e Potencial Embólico dos Tumores Cardíacos

Background: Cardiac tumors are rare, mostly benign with high embolic potential. Objectives: To correlate the histological type of cardiac masses with their embolic potential, implantation site and long term follow up in patients undergoing surgery. Methods: Between January 1986 and December 2011, we retrospectively analyzed 185 consecutive patients who underwent excision of intracardiac mass (119 females, mean age 48±20 years). In 145 patients, the left atrium was the origin site. 72% were asymptomatic and prior embolization was often observed (19.8%). The diagnosis was established by echocardiography, magnetic resonance and histological examination. Results: Most tumors were located in the left side of the heart. Myxoma was the most common (72.6%), followed by fibromas (6.9%), thrombi (6.4%) and sarcomas (6.4%). Ranging from 0.6cm to 15cm (mean 4.6 ± 2.5cm) 37 (19.8%) patients had prior embolization, stroke 10.2%, coronary 4.8%, peripheral 4.3% 5.4% of hospital death, with a predominance of malignant tumors (40% p < 0.0001). The histological type was a predictor of mortality (rhabdomyomas and sarcomas p = 0.002) and embolic event (sarcoma, lipoma and fibroelastoma p = 0.006), but not recurrence. Tumor size, atrial fibrillation, cavity and valve impairment were not associated with the embolic event. During follow-up (mean 80±63 months), there were 2 deaths (1.1%) and two recurrences 1 and 11 years after the operation, to the same cavity. Conclusion: Most tumors were located in the left side of the heart. The histological type was predictor of death and preoperative embolic event, while the implantation site carries no relation with mortality or to embolic event. .

Fundamento: Os tumores do coração são infrequentes, em sua maioria benignos e com alto potencial embólico. Objetivo: Correlacionar o tipo histológico do tumor cardíaco com seu potencial embólico, com o sítio de implantação e analisar a evolução tardia destes pacientes submetidos à cirurgia. Métodos: No período de dezembro de 1986 a setembro de 2011 foram retrospectivamente analisados 186 pacientes operados (119 do sexo feminino e idade média de 48 ± 20 anos). Foram 145 tumores de átrio esquerdo (77%), 72% dos pacientes assintomáticos e 19,8% com embolização prévia. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por ecocardiograma, ressonância magnética e exame histológico. Resultados: A maioria dos tumores situava-se nas câmaras esquerdas. O mixoma foi o mais frequente (72,6%), seguido dos fibromas (6,9%), trombos (6,4%) e sarcomas (6,4%). Seus tamanhos variaram de 0,6cm a 15 cm (média de 4,6 ± 2,5cm). Houve 37 embolizações prévias à operação (10,2% AVC, 4,8% IAM e 4,3% periférica). Foram 5,4% de óbito hospitalar, com predomínio nos tumores malignos (40% p < 0,0001). O tipo histológico foi preditor de mortalidade (rabdomioma e sarcomas p = 0,002) e de evento embólico (sarcomas, fibroelastoma e lipoma p = 0,006), porém não de recidiva. O tamanho tumoral, a fibrilação atrial, a cavidade e valva acometida não apresentaram relação com o evento embólico. Durante o seguimento (média de 80 ± 63 meses), houve 2 óbitos (1,1%) e duas recidivas tumorais 1 e 11 anos após a operação, ambas para a mesma cavidade. Conclusão: O tipo histológico foi preditor de óbito e de evento embólico pré-operatório, enquanto o sítio de implantação não. .

Há risco de êmbolos durante a infusão com o uso de aquecedores com linhas de aquecimento de sangue e líquidos? / Is there risk of emboli during Infusion with Line type blood-liquid warmers? / ¿Existen riesgos de émbolos durante la infusión con el uso de calentadores con líneas de calentamiento de sangre y líquidos?

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os aquecedores de sangue e de líquidos que aquecem em linha são amplamente usados por causa do baixo custo, do uso prático e porque não dependem de equipamentos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a formação de bolhas em dois aquecedores tipo linha com duas formas de aquecimento diferentes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dois grupos foram designados às marcas de aquecedores de sangue e líquidos: S-line e Astoflo®. Com o uso de 10 conjuntos de soro para cada grupo (n = 20), 1.000 mL de solução NaCl a 9% foram infundidos a 350 mL.hora-1 durante uma hora na sala de operação. As seguintes temperaturas foram mensuradas: das partes proximal, intermediária e distal das linhas; do ambiente de ensaio; do líquido usado e do líquido ao atingir a cânula após o aquecimento. O tempo para a formação visível de bolhas foi registrado. Os achados foram estatisticamente comparados com o uso do teste-U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação às temperaturas proximal, intermediária e distal das partes das linhas; do ambiente do estudo; do líquido usado e do líquido ao atingir a cânula (p > 0,05). Bolhas foram observadas nos dois aquecedores e o tempo para a formação de bolhas foi semelhante nos dois grupos de estudo (p = 0,143). CONCLUSÕES: No cenário experimental, criamos condições semelhantes ao nosso ambiente clínico. Ambos os tipos de aquecedores forneceram níveis de aquecimento semelhantes e formaram bolhas visíveis. Considerando que uma pequena quantidade de êmbolos pode ser fatal em bebês e crianças, a formação de bolhas deve ser seriamente considerada em caso de êmbolos e estudos adicionais devem ser feitos para determinar a quantidade, as razões e os conteúdos da formação de bolhas.

INTRODUCTION: Line type blood-liquid warmers are used widely due to their low expense, practical use and nondependence on sets. We aimed to investigate the relationship of bubbles in line type warmers with two different warming properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups were designed with S-line and Astoflo® brand blood-liquid warmers. By using 10 medisets for each group (n = 20), we infused 1,000 mL 0.9% NaCl solutions at 350 mL.hour-1 speed for one hour in the operating room. Temperatures at the proximal, midway and distal parts of lines, temperature of experiment environment, temperature of liquid used and temperature of liquid reaching the cannula after warming were measured. Time to visually observable bubble formation was recorded. We compared findings statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups with respect to temperatures at the proximal, midway and distal parts of lines, temperature of experiment environment, temperature of liquid used and temperature of liquid reaching the cannula (p > 0.05). Bubbles were observed with both warmers and time to bubble formation was similar in the two study groups (p = 0.143). CONCLUSIONS: In the experimental setting, we have designed conditions similar to our clinical environment. Both types of warmers provided similar warming levels and formed visible bubbles. Considering that low amounts of emboli can be fatal in infants and children, bubble formation should be taken seriously into account for emboli and further studies should be carried out to determine the amount, the reasons and the contents of bubble formation.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los calentadores que poseen un calentamiento en línea de sangre y de líquidos son extensamente usados a causa de su bajo coste, del uso práctico y también porque no dependen de equipos. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la formación de burbujas en dos calentadores de tipo línea con dos formas de calentamiento diferentes. MATERIALES Y M&EACUTE;TODOS: Dos grupos fueron designados a las marcas de calentadores de sangre y líquidos: S-line y Astoflo®. Con el uso de 10 conjuntos de suero para cada grupo (n = 20), 1.000 mL de solución NaCl al 9% se infundieron a 350 mL.hora-1 durante una hora en quirófano. Las siguientes temperaturas fueron mensuradas: de las partes proximal, intermedia y distal de las líneas; del ambiente de ensayo; del líquido usado y del líquido al alcanzar la bránula después del calentamiento. El tiempo para la formación visible de burbujas fue registrado. Los hallazgos fueron estadísticamente comparados con el uso del test-U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a las temperaturas proximal, intermedia y distal de las partes de las líneas; del ambiente del estudio; del líquido usado y del líquido al alcanzar la bránula (p > 0,05). Burbujas se observaron en los dos calentadores y el tiempo para la formación de burbujas fue similar en los dos grupos de estudio (p = 0,143). CONCLUSIONES: Dentro del escenario experimental, creamos condiciones parecidas a nuestro ambiente clínico. Ambos tipos de calentadores suministraron niveles de calentamiento parecidos y formaron burbujas visibles. Considerando que una pequeña cantidad de émbolos puede ser fatal en bebés y en niños, la formación de burbujas debe ser seriamente considerada en caso de émbolos y estudios adicionales deben ser realizados para determinar la cantidad, las razones y los contenidos de la formación de burbujas.

Evolução tardia de pacientes com lesões coronárias complexas tratados com o novo Stent Metálico MGuardTM / Late clinical follow-up of patients with complex coronary lesions treated with the new MGuardTM Bare-Metal Stent

INTRODUÇÃO: A embolização de fragmentos de ateroma/trombo durante a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) ocasiona distúrbios de perfusão da microcirculação. O novo stent MGuardTM, que é revestido com uma rede de polietileno, demonstrou eficácia na prevenção de complicações embólicas durante a ICP primária. No entanto, a evolução clínica tardia de pacientes tratados com o stent MGuardTM permanece desconhecida. MÉTODOS: Uma série de 65 pacientes portadores de lesões coronárias de novo tratados com o stent MGuardTM foi analisada. Os dados clínicos basais, do procedimento e do seguimento clínico tardio (média de tempo, 2,6 ± 1,4 anos) foram coletados retrospectivamente por meio da revisão de prontuários médicos e/ou contato telefônico direto. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 66,1 ± 13,7 anos, 32,3% eram diabéticos, 49,2% tinham infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) prévio, e 44,6% apresentaram-se com síndrome coronária aguda. Dois terços das lesões estavam localizados em pontes de safena, quase metade tinha presença de trombo e a maioria foi classificada como tipo B2/C. O stent MGuardTM foi implantado com sucesso em todos os casos. Ao final do procedimento, fluxo TIMI 3 foi alcançado em 93,4% e o sucesso angiográfico foi de 91,8%. No seguimento tardio, as taxas de eventos adversos incluíram óbito cardiovascular em 6,2%, IAM não-fatal em 9,2%, revascularização da lesão-alvo em 9,2% e trombose de stent definitiva/provável em 1,5%. CONCLUSÕES: O seguimento tardio de pacientes com lesões coronárias complexas tratados com o stent MGuardTM demonstrou baixas taxas de revascularização da lesão-alvo e de trombose do stent.

BACKGROUND: The embolization of atheroma/thrombus fragments during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) causes microcirculatory perfusion disturbances. The new MGuardTM, a mesh-based bare-metal stent, demonstrated efficacy in the prevention of embolic complications during primary PCI. However, the late clinical outcome of patients treated with the MGuardTM stent remains unknown. METHODS: A series of 65 patients with de novo coronary lesions treated with MGuardTM stent was analyzed. Baseline clinical data, procedure and late clinical follow-up (mean duration, 2.6 ± 1.4 years) data were collected retrospectively by a review of medical records and/or direct telephone contact. RESULTS: Mean age was 66.1 ± 13.7 years, 32.3% of patients were diabetic, 49.2% had a previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 44.6% presented with acute coronary syndrome. Two thirds of the lesions were located in a saphenous vein graft, almost half of the lesions had thrombus and most were classified as type B2/C. The MGuardTM stent was successfully implanted in all cases. At the end of the procedure, TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 93.4% and angiographic success was 91.8%. In the late clinical follow-up, adverse event rates included cardiac death in 6.2%, non-fatal AMI in 9.2%, target lesion revascularization in 9.2% and definite/probable stent thrombosis in 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The late follow-up of patients with complex coronary lesions treated with the MGuardTM stent demonstrated low rates of target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis.

Cement Embolus Trapped in the Inferior Vena Cava Filter during Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

A 58-year-old female patient, diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the lung, underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty at the L4 vertebral body due to painful spinal metastases. Because of deep venous thrombosis of the left femoral and iliac veins, an inferior vena cava filter had been placed before vertebroplasty. Bone cement migrated into the venous bloodstream and then was being trapped within the previously placed filter. This case illustrates that caval filter could capture the bone cement and prevent it from migrating to the pulmonary circulation.

Percutaneous transplantation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a dog suspected to have fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy

The use of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells for cell transplantation therapy holds great promise for repairing spinal cord injury. Here we report the first clinical trial transplantation of human umbilical cord (hUCB)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the spinal cord of a dog suspected to have fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCEM) and that experienced a loss of deep pain sensation. Locomotor functions improved following transplantation in a dog. Based on our findings, we suggest that transplantation of hUCB-derived MSCs will have beneficial therapeutic effects on FCEM patients lacking deep pain sensation.

Isquemia arterial aguda del miembro superior por uso de muletas / Isquemia arterial aguda do membro superior por uso de muletas / Crutches induced acute arterial ischemia of the upeer limb

La compresión axilar por el uso de muletas es una causa infrecuente y subdiagnosticada de isquemia arterial aguda del miembro superior. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con isquemia aguda debido a trauma en la confluencia de las arterias axilar y humeral inducido por el uso de muletas. Dicha lesión fue el foco de microembolias que ocluyeron el arco palmar y la arteria humeral. Se diagnosticó con una arteriografía selectiva de la arteria axilar, y se tratómediante un bypass axilo-humeral con prótesis de PTFE anillado de 6 mm, con resultado satisfactorio en el seguimiento clínico a cinco años del postoperatorio.

A compressão axilar devido ao uso de muletas é uma causa pouco frequente e subdiagnosticada de isquemia arterial aguda do membro superior. Apresenta-se o caso de um paciente com isquemia aguda por trauma da confluência das artérias axilar e femoral induzido pormuletas. Esta lesão foi o foco de microembolias que provocaram a oclusão do arco palmar e da artéria femoral. Foi diagnosticado com uma arteriografia seletiva da artéria axilar, e tratado com um bypass axilo-femoral com prótese de capas de PTFE de 6 mm, com resultado satisfatório no seguimento clínico, cinco anos depois do pós operatório.

Crutch induced axillary trauma represents an infrequent but underdiagnosed cause of acuteischemia to the upper limb. We present a case of acute arterial ischemia caused by trauma of the confluence of the axillary and brachial arteries induced by the use of crutches. This lesion was the origin of microembolisms that occluded both the palmar arch and the brachialartery. The diagnosis was made by a selective arteriography of the axillary artery. An axillobrachial bypass with a 6 mm ringed PTFE prosthesis was performed showing satisfactory resultson his 5 year postoperative clinical follow up.

Peripheral arterial embolism of pellets after shotgun injury to the abdomen: A case report.

Dealing with shotgun injury to the abdomen it is important to be aware of the possibility of missile emboli and their potential clinical effects because it usually causes vascular trauma but intravascular missile embolism is relatively rare. Vascular trauma following shotgun injuries may involve laceration of the vessel wall, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula or missile embolism. A pellet embolus should be suspected in all cases where gunshot entry wound is present with or without an exit wound. We recently encountered a case of a close-range shotgun injury to the abdomen with subsequent embolisation of pellets to bifurcation of popliteal artery both lower limbs. However, pellet embolus is asymptomatic, there is still debate over best management because conservative management avoids surgical risks and operative removal prevents the possibility of embolus related life threatening complications. This case shows that it is necessary to do whole body imaging in all cases of shotgun injury whether exit wound present or not.

Oclusão percutânea da auriculeta esquerda em pacientes com fibrilação atrial: uma alternativa à terapia anticoagulante / Percutaneous occlusion of the left auricular appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation: an alternative to anticoagulation therapy

O risco de fenômenos tromboembólicos aumenta em pacientes com fibrilação atrial. Recomenda-se que pacientes com CHADS2 ≥2 sejam mantidos em uso deanticoagulantes indefinidamente. A auriculeta esquerda é o local onde mais frequentemente são encontradostrombos. Por isso, sua exclusão pode reduzir o risco de acidentes embólicos. Neste artigo, discute-se a utilizaçãode novos dispositivos para oclusão da auriculeta por via percutânea.